Endonucleases
CRISPR (see outline) Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are endonucleases from eubacteria and archaea that recognize a specific DNA sequence, called the restriction site. Usually a restriction site is a palindromic…
Amylases
Alpha-Amylases: constitute a class of enzymes syntheized by a variety of organisms from bacterial to fungi to humans that break down large molecules known as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides, such as starch and…
Functions of glycosylation
The glycosylation pattern of immunoglobulins (i.e, the saccharide composition and multitude of attached glycostructures) has a strong influence on the biological properties. Glycosylation of IgG has been shown to be…
Characterization & Detection
See also Methods used to separate antibody glycovariants See also Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) Detection and Characterization of product associated variants during the product of polypeptides (e.g., antibodies) is important because profiling…
Structures & Types
Definitions Glycan: refers to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycopeptide, glycoprotein, glycolipid or proteoglycan. Regnier (US8,568,993) N-glycans Peptides expressed in eukaryotic cells are typically N-glycosylated on asparagine…
Isomers
Definitions: Isomer: of a compound is a separate compound in which each molecule contains the same constituent atoms as the first compound, but with those atoms arranged differently. Thus isomers are…
Hydrocarbons
Definitions: Carbon is a versatile molecule because an atom of carbon can share electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds that can branch off in four directions. Because C…
Flavoproteins
Flavoproteins are ubiquitous proteins that use flavins as prosthetic groups. Flavorproteins require the ribo-flavin-derived redox cofactors FAD and FMN. The active isoalloxazine ring of flavin cofactors may undergo one or two electron redox transitions…
Glycan Binding
Glycan-binding protein (GBP) Ligands (Glycans which are bound by GBPs): The natural ligands for GBPs can be quite elusive. For example, it took almost 10 years from the detection of…
Glycoproteins
The majority of proteins secreted by mammalian cells are glycoproteins. These proteins possess oligosaccharides covalently attached through the side chain amid of asparagein (N-linke) or through the side chain hydroxy…