Dry Eye Disease
Introduction: Dry eye disease affects about 12 million people in the US. In the human eye, the precorneal tear film covering ocular surfaces is composed of three primary layers: the…
Photosynthesis
Introduction: Photosynthesis occurs in a wide variety of organisms and it comes in different forms. These include a form of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen (anoxygenic) and a form…
Antibiotics
Classes of Antibiotics: Beta-lactam antibiotics are the most widely used class of drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections. They include penicillin and its derivatives, such as methicillin and amoxicillin. The beta-lactam ring portion of…
Class I Cytokine Receptor Family
Type I cytokine receptors are transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells that recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha-helical strands. These receptors are also known as hemopoietin…
Leptin Receptor
Leptin or obesity receptor (Ob-R) is a ember of class I cytokine receptor family, Ob-R, expressed in six isoforms, is the product of alternative RNA splicing of db gene. According…
Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and persistence are associated with an elevated risk of treatment failure and relapsing infections. Alhtough AMR has been widely acknowledged as a pressing issue, the incidence of…
Type II Diabetes
Introduction: Type II diabetes or non-insulin-dependnet diabets mellitus accounts for over 90% of the diagnosed cases of diabetes and affects more than 16 million people in the US and some…
Embryonic Development
Introduction: Definitions: During embryoic development, cells specialize in carrying out particular functios. In all animals except sponges, the process is irreversible: once a cell deifferentiates to serve a function, it…
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)
Transmissible spongiform encephalopahties (TSEs) are an unusual group of diseases characterized by the presence of numerous small cavities in the brains of affected individuals. These cavisties are casued by the…
Cell Development
Human Cell Atlas (maps every cell of the human body) See also types of cells See also fertilization and embryonic development Introduction: Cell development starts as a fertilized egg (Zygote)…