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All known  have been shown to signal through Toll/IL-1R homology (TIR) domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, and/or TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-? (TRIF). Mice deficient in both MyD88 and TRIF are unresponsive to…

Function of NF-kB Nuclear factor NF-?B encompasses an important family of  which plays a central role in immunological processes by inducing expression of a variety of genes involved in inflammatory responses.…

NFAT is a calcium-regulated transcription factor which consists of four family members. It plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of several cytokine-encoding genes, including the genes for IL-2 and…

AP-1 is a well characterized transcription factor composed of many different combinations of homodimers and/or heterodimers of the Jun, Fos, ATRF (activating transcription factor), and MAF (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) protein families. AP-1 regulates the transcription of various…

AIRE or Autoimmune Regulator is a putative transcription factor expressed primarily in mTECs that is believed to regulate transcription of many peripheral self-antigens. Absence of AIRE in human paitents results…

Pentraxins (Pentaxins) are an evolutionary conserved family of proteins characterized by a pentraxin protein domain. They are a class of pattern recognition receptors. Members of the Pentraxin Family 1. C-Reactive…

The present of GATA-3 mRNA in naive T cells and induction of T-bet mRNA after cell activation, even in the absence of Stat1-mediated signals, are consistent with the early transcription…

TGF-beta superfamily is a large family of multifunctional proteins that regulate a variety of cellular functions including cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. Members of the transforming growth factor beta…

STATs are latent transcription factors residing in the cytoplasm that become activated by phosphorylation on a single tyrosine residue. This phosphorylation is carried out by activated in response to cytokine receptor…