immunology

Introduction/Definitions: Lymphatic system: is a compartmentalized network of vessels, cells and specialized accessroy organs. It starts in the farthest reaches of the tissues as tiny capilaries that transports a special…

Whereas the adaptive immune system arose in evolution less than 500 million years ago and is confined to vertebrates, innate immune responses have been found among both vertebrates and invertebrates, as well…

Introduction: The adaptive immune response is called "adaptive" because over the course of an infection, it adjusts to optimally handle the particular microorganism responsible for the disease. Adaptive immune responses…

Introduction: Definitions: Authophagy: Once intracellular bacteria are recognized by the cell, it can attempt to destroy the pathogens. This can be accomplished by the process of autophagy. First discovered as…