Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): See also Drug delivery using exosomes

Mammalian cells normally secrete two types of EVs, smaller vesicles of about 30-200 nm that are commonly referred to as exosomes, and larger vesciels (typically >300 m) that are commonly referred to as microvesciels. (Gould, “Exosome-medaited mRNA delivery in vivo is safe adn can be used to induce SARS-CoV-2 immunity” J. Biiological Chemistry, 2021).

Exosomes: are hihgly enirched in specific substes of proteins, RNAs, and lipids, providing strong evdience that they are generated by an active sorting and vesciel biogenesis pathway. Once released into the extracellular milieu, exosomes can transmit signals and molecules to other cells. Consistent with their natural ability to trasfer RNAs between distinct cells, several groups have demonstrated that these bionormal nanovesicles can be laoded with synthetic small RNAs. In addition, RNA loaded exosomes can be used to deliver anti-cancer RNAs to and into tumors and tumor cells, inhibiting the expression of the target mRNAs, suppressing tumor growth and extending the lifespan of tumor-bearing animals. (Gould, “Exosome-medaited mRNA delivery in vivo is safe adn can be used to induce SARS-CoV-2 immunity” J. Biiological Chemistry, 2021).ureExo exosome isolation kit and ExoCap exosome isolation kit. (Ibrahim, US 2021/0032598). 

Exosomes can be prepared uisng a commercial kit such as ExoSpin Exosome Purificaiton Kit, Invitrogen Total Exosome Purificaiton kit, P

Microvesciels: have a molecule composition that is closer to that of the cell, and there is little if any evidence for a selective biogenesis pthway for this much alrger class of EVs. (Gould, “Exosome-medaited mRNA delivery in vivo is safe adn can be used to induce SARS-CoV-2 immunity” J. Biiological Chemistry, 2021).