See also Antioxidants and Polyphenols under “Nutrition & Food”
See also intestinal microbiota under bacteria
Introduction:
Probiotics are living microbial food additives, that have beneficial effect on the microbiological balance of the intestine and human health.
“Probiotic” means microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells with a beneficial effect on the health or well-being of the host. The probiotic can include a unique strain of micro-organism, a mix of various strains and/or a mix of various bacterial species and genera.
Probiotic bacteria are known to stimulate the immune system and exert a competitive exclusion of pathogenic a bacteria, reduce the amounts of ammonia and chloresterol in the blood, and promote absorption of minoerals. Additionally, they produce antagnist effects against pathogenic microorganisms; stimulate the immune ssytem; improve lactose digestion; are lipolytic, thereby allowing fats to be more digestible, reduce plasma chloesterol, protect intestinal mucosa and product polysaccahrides that are active on some tumors. (US 20110262400).
Lactobacilli:
Introduction: Most of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria, mainly lactobacilli. Lactobacilysbacterioses and urogenital ifnections with different ethiologies. li are non-pathogenic micro-organisms, colonising the human intestinal and urogenital tract from early childhood to old age. Several commercial probiotic lactobacilli have been successfully used such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. reuterii.
Lactobacillus fermentum 39: Several strains of Lactobacillus fermentum are used for correction and stabilisation of intestinal micro-flora in case of dysbacterioses and urogenital infections with different ethiologies.
(US 7244424) discloses that Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 expressed a hiogh antimicrobial effect on E. coli, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella tryphimurium 1 and 2, and Helicobacter pylori strains in vitro. According to a disk diffusion test, it was resistant to metronidazole, ofloxacin, axtreonam, cefoxitin and TMP-SMX which allows its use as a preparation accompanying antibiotic treatment in case of intestinal and uroinfections. Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 pure culture in 0.15% MRS-agar was used for producign yoghurt. Additionally the pure cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri were seeded into fresh goat milk autoclaved for 20 min at 100C. Three cultures of these strains of lactobacilli were mixed in equal proportions with 2% of Streptococcus thermophilus and added in 0.2% of content into autoclaved goat milk for an anti-oxidative yoghurt.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori:
Connolly (US 7,105,336 -Biogaia AB) discloses certain Lactobacillus strains such as Lactobacillus reuteri and L. coryniformis which have the ability of reducing gastrointestinal inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori.
Mayo Perez (US 2016/0279180) discloses a new strain of Lactobacillus reuteri isolated form the human stomach which showed anti-Helicobacter effect.
Reiprich (US 2022/0409680) disclsoes Lactobacillus strains, in particular Lactobacillus reuteri, but also including Lactobacillus gasseri for treatment of H. pylori.
Anti-microbial and anti-oxidative Probiotics:
Griffiths (US 2011/0262400; US 2015/0044188) discloses secreted molecules from probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus for use in compositions and methods for treatment of pathogenic bacteria such as EHEC 0157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. For example, the composition inclues a secreted molecule from Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5) that includes the amino acid dequences YPVEPF, YPPGGP, YPPG and NQPY.
Mikelsaar (US 7,244,424) discloses the strain Lactobacillus fermentum (ME-3) for use as a probiotic for its anti-microbial and anti-oxidative properties against E. coli, Shigella sonnei, S. auereus, Salmonella tryphimurium.
Neurological Treatment:
Chatter (US 2023/0190709) disclsoes compositions that include one or more microbial strains and one or more components for treatingVagus Nerve assocaited diseases.
Bergonzelli (US 2014/0363410) discloses Lactobacillus reuteri for promoting the establishment of normal cognitve function in young mammals.
Govindan (US 2023/0087305) discloses compositions which include various microbial strains and one or more metabolites for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Eye Disorders:
Govindan (US 2024/0066075) teaches compositions that include one or more microbial strains such as Lactobacillus gasseri (see Table 1) or one or more metabolites for treating eye disorders.
Streptococcus:
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori:
Garault (US 2015/0284675) discloses a strain of Streptococcus thermophillus for use in the treatment or prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection.