signal transduction

See also G proteins Introduction: G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) comprise a large superfamily of receptors which are prevalent through-out the human body, comprising about 60% of known cellular receptor types. GPCRs…

See also Signal Transduction Enzyme linked receptors, when activated, either function directly as enzymes or are directly associated with enzymes that they activate. They are formed by single pass transmembrane…

Introduction: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) influence the cell cycle, cell mitration, cell metabolism and cell proliferation --virtually all aspects of the cell are affected by signaling through these receptors. Some…

(1) Sensitization/Up Regulation: is a process whereby a cell becomes more responsive to a given concentration of a compound. This can occur in the following ways:Increase in functionality: deals with increased…

See also use of FcRn for antibody purification   See also engineering antibodies to increase/decrease binding affinity for FcRn The MHC class I-related neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is also known as the Brambell…

See also "antibodies" for discussion of affinity  and "isotypes" of antibodies for a discussion of the various effector functions of antibody isotypes. See also antibody engineering and specifically engineering of the FcyRs…

Receptors are expressed in all types of cell membranes. Cell surface receptors are typically transmembrane proteins because they bind signal molecules in the extracellular space and generate different intracellular signals…

from Nature, 430 (2004) Introduction Although different TLRs are activated by distinct agonists, their cytoplasmic domains share the ability to transduct PAMP-generated signals to the IkB kinase (IKK) and mitogen-activated…

TLR-9 has a transmembrane domain and other features of a type 1 membrane protein. TLR9 Ligands and Activation: TLR9 is ER protein. DNA is internalized into early endosmome. TLR translocates…

from Park et al. Immunity (2005) Ligands recognized by TLR4: TLR4 is the key receptor for most bacterial lipopolysaccharides such as Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 detects Gram-negative bacteria through recongition…