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TLR-9 has a transmembrane domain and other features of a type 1 membrane protein. TLR9 Ligands and Activation: TLR9 is ER protein. DNA is internalized into early endosmome. TLR translocates…

from Park et al. Immunity (2005) Ligands recognized by TLR4: TLR4 is the key receptor for most bacterial lipopolysaccharides such as Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 detects Gram-negative bacteria through recongition…

TLR2 but not mediates responses elicited by components of  such as peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid. TLR2 recognizes acylated outer membrane lipoporteins of Gram-positive bacteria. TLR2, often with the collaboration of TLR6, binds…

Redox-dependent Control: Many of the kinases, transcription factors, and subsequent gene products induced by the TLR4 ligand, LPS, can be postranslationally modified by ROS. TLR4 Regulation: Antoehr factor that could control TLR4…

 Science Magazine TLR Connections Map Toll like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that localize either on plasma membrane or in intracellular vesicles. They are an evolutionarily conserved family of cell surface…

The innat immune system dtects the presence of foreign organisms and initiates a coordinated response to eliminate infectious threats. Among the microbial products sensed by innate immune effectors, efficient recognition…

Receptors are macromolecules with which endogenous or exogenous compounds interact to produce a characteristic biologic effect.  Law Mass Action provides that [L] X [R]/[LR] = Koff/Kon = Kd. Kd is…

PTKs are enzymes that transfer the y-phosphate group of ATP to tyrosine residues on target substrate proteins. They are a large superfamily of enzymes comprising both transmembrane-spanning receptors with an…

See also DAMPS Patent or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) interact with receptors on innate immune cells to initiate protective immune responses.