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All known  have been shown to signal through Toll/IL-1R homology (TIR) domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, and/or TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-? (TRIF). Mice deficient in both MyD88 and TRIF are unresponsive to…

Function of NF-kB Nuclear factor NF-?B encompasses an important family of  which plays a central role in immunological processes by inducing expression of a variety of genes involved in inflammatory responses.…

NFAT is a calcium-regulated transcription factor which consists of four family members. It plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of several cytokine-encoding genes, including the genes for IL-2 and…

AP-1 is a well characterized transcription factor composed of many different combinations of homodimers and/or heterodimers of the Jun, Fos, ATRF (activating transcription factor), and MAF (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) protein families. AP-1 regulates the transcription of various…

AIRE or Autoimmune Regulator is a putative transcription factor expressed primarily in mTECs that is believed to regulate transcription of many peripheral self-antigens. Absence of AIRE in human patients results…

Pentraxins (Pentaxins) are an evolutionary conserved family of proteins characterized by a pentraxin protein domain. They are a class of pattern recognition receptors. Members of the Pentraxin Family 1. C-Reactive…

The present of GATA-3 mRNA in naive T cells and induction of T-bet mRNA after cell activation, even in the absence of Stat1-mediated signals, are consistent with the early transcription…

TGF-beta superfamily is a large family of multifunctional proteins that regulate a variety of cellular functions including cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. Members of the transforming growth factor beta…

Introduction to Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs): STATs are latent transcription factors residing in the cytoplasm that become activated by phosphorylation on a single tyrosine residue. This phosphorylation…