Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

ProPred (graphical web tool for predicting MHC class II binding regions in antigenic protein sequences). Introduction: The MHC (also called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system) comprises tightly linked genes…

Adaptive Immunity

Introduction: The adaptive immune response is called "adaptive" because over the course of an infection, it adjusts to optimally handle the particular microorganism responsible for the disease. Adaptive immune responses…

Immune Response

Introduction: Definitions: Authophagy: Once intracellular bacteria are recognized by the cell, it can attempt to destroy the pathogens. This can be accomplished by the process of autophagy. First discovered as…

Source of Antibodies

Transgenic Animals:  A major obstacle in the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies in humans is that such antibodies are usually mouse antibodies and thus recognized as foreign, inducing an anti-isotype…

phage display

Companies engaged in Phage Display:  Dyax  Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, Stratagene SurfZAP™  Definitions: Phagemid: is a plasmid vector having a bacterial origin of replication and a copy of an intergenic…

Transformation/Transfection B cells

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Transformation: B cell immortalization by Epstein-Barr vius (EBV) is an established method for antibody production. EBV infects B cells via their CD21 receptor and subsequently transforms them…

somatic cell hybridization

Kohler and Milstein (1975) were the first to demonstrate that somatic cells could be fused with murine myelomas and that monoclonal antibodies with unique specificities could be produced. A vast array…

next generation sequencing

Agilent Technologies.     Element Biosciences.   Illumina. MGI Tech. Oxford Nanopore Technologies  PacBioPacBio. Qiagen. Roche. Singular Genomics Thermo Fisher Scientific Ultima Genomics  Twist Biosciences single cell sequencing: 10x Genomics (conoply biosciences) (single…

single domain

Nanobody® is a registered trademark of Ablynx N.V. Definitions: VHH refers to an antibody single variable domain (VH or VL) polypeptide that specifically binds antigen. While the antigen binding unit of…

IgG

IgG homeostasis: (see right hand panel) IgG participates in defending against viral antigens, whereas IgM is predominantly active in antibacterial and antitoxin immune responses (US2013/0052208).  Antibodies belong to a family of…