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There is a bidirectional flow of proteins through the nucleus. tRNAs and mRNAs are synthesized, for example, in the nucleus and transported out to the cytosol. Vice versa, proteins like…

Mitochondria DNA:  Pronuclear transfer (youtube video) Introduction: Mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses of the cell" because they generate about 90% of the ATP needed by most cells through oxidative…

Lysosomes are digestive vesicles that arise from the Golgi apparatus. They contain high levels of a vareity of enzymes that can degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. The lysomesal…

The Golgi Apparatus consists of one or more stacks of disc shaped cisternae, each stack organized as a series of at least 3 functionally distinct compartments, called, cis, medial, and trans…

Introduction/Definitions: The extracellular matrix is composed of a variety of proteins and polysaccharides that are secreted locally and assembled into an organized meshwork in close association with the surface of…

Calthrin-coated vesicles: The major protein component is clathrin. A second major coat protein of clathrin coated vesicles is adaptin which is required to bind the clathrin coat to the membrane and to trap various…

The ER is organized into many branching tubules and flattened sacs extending throughout the cytosol. Its membrane usually constitutes more than 1/2 of the total membrane of an average animal…

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): See also Drug delivery using exosomes Mammalian cells normally secrete two types of EVs, smaller vesicles of about 30-200 nm that are commonly referred to as exosomes,…

See also cell development. Asexual Reproduction Organisms can reproduce without sex. For example, there are species of lizards that consist only of females and reproduce without matting. Such asexual reproduction…