Protein Tyrosine Kinases
PTKs are enzymes that transfer the y-phosphate group of ATP to tyrosine residues on target substrate proteins. They are a large superfamily of enzymes comprising both transmembrane-spanning receptors with an…
PAMPS
See also DAMPS Patent or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) interact with receptors on innate immune cells to initiate protective immune responses. PAMPS for Nucleic Acids: (see Viral Sensing Proteins)…
MAP kinases
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are Ser/Thr kinases which act as intermediates within the signaling cascades of both growth/survival factors, such as EGF, and death receptors, such as the TNF receptor. via…
JAKS
See also Protein Kinases Generally Introduction: The JAK-STAT family of proteins for signal transduction consists of 4 Janus family tyrosine kinases (JAKI-1, JAK-2, JAK-3, and TYK-2) and seven latent cytosolic…
Immunophilins
The immunophilins are a family of protiens that function as receptors for immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. The immunophilins occur in two separate classes, (1) the…
Hedgehog
The hedgehog gene family encodes secreted proteins important in many developmental patterning events in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Members of the Hedgehog family of signaling molecules mediate many important short…
G proteins
See also G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Introduction: G proteins are membrane-linked macromolecules whose activities are controlled by binding of the guanosine nucleotides GTP and GDP, which act as molecular switches. Bound GTP turns…
Hsp90
Hsp90 is one of the most abundant proteins of eukaryotic cells, comprising 1-2% of total proteins under nonstress conditions. It is evolutionarily conserved among species, and is essential for cell…
Heat shock proteins
Heat shock proteins (hsps) are highly conserved proteins that play an important role in various cellular processes. They are highly conserved proteins that are induced by a wide variety of…
DAMPS
DAMPS or danger-associated molecular patterns are intracellular components which also induce TLR dependent inflammatory responses. DAMPs (Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) and PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns) are both molecular signals that trigger…