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The JAK-STAT family of proteins for signal transduction consists of 4 Janus family tyrosine kinases (JAKI-1, JAK-2, JAK-3, and TYK-2) and seven latent cytosolic transcription factors (). Activated JAKs phosphorylate…

The immunophilins are a family of protiens that function as receptors for immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. The immunophilins occur in two separate classes, (1) the…

The hedgehog gene family encodes secreted proteins important in many developmental patterning events in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Members of the Hedgehog family of signaling molecules mediate many important short…

See also G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Introduction: G proteins are membrane-linked macromolecules whose activities are controlled by binding of the guanosine nucleotides GTP and GDP, which act as molecular switches. Bound GTP turns…

Hsp90 is one of the most abundant proteins of eukaryotic cells, comprising 1-2% of total proteins under nonstress conditions. It is evolutionarily conserved among species, and is essential for cell…

Heat shock proteins (hsps) are highly conserved proteins that play an important role in various cellular processes. They are highly conserved proteins that are induced by a wide variety of…

DAMPS or danger-associated molecular patterns are intracellular components which also induce TLR dependent inflammatory responses. DAMPs (Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) and PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns) are both molecular signals that trigger…

Calcium (Ca2+) Introduction Ca2+ is a vital second messenger in cells, and it regulates many events in a cell such as gene transcription. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ can be elevated in cells either by…

The annexins (Annexin A or Anneixin II or Annexin 2) are a family of calcium (CA2+) and phospholipid binding proteins that differ from most other Ca2+ binding proteins in their Ca2+ binding…